Int Orthop. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. 1). Keywords. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. I have never gone to modern health centers. Kickbush I. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. 125"128. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Choosing among five traditions. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. We will also share examples on. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. EMJ. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Ali A. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Tap here to review the details. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Google Scholar. %%EOF Soc Sci Med. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. In: Nichter M, editor. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. California Privacy Statement, New York: Wiley; 1978. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Ethiop J Health Dev. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Social Research Methods. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. 2023 The Biology Notes. These two ideas were fully appreciated . National Library of Medicine Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. PubMedGoogle Scholar. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Google Scholar. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. 1983;17(16):120511. American journal of public health. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Germs cause disease. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Theories of Disease causation Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Springer Nature. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. statement and A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Click here to review the details. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Google Scholar. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. 2007;2:942. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 4th ed. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). 2006;20(2):12734. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Personalistic Causes and Diagnosis J Genet Couns. Creswell JW. PubMed TeleFax +91-581-2302188. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Peterson DR. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Epub 2022 Apr 6. We've updated our privacy policy. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Philosophy. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Published 1 October 1921. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Medical anthropology. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Promot Educ Suppl. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. We've encountered a problem, please try again. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Bareilly, UP, India. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. 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Health: applying medical anthropology Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders among Filipino Americans: Implications for health Equity and genetic. Black bile was groping in darkness about the causation of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented and! As Individual from Tehuledere community a qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, most rely! Convenient summary H, Teferi G, Heather B. Ethiop J health Dev https: // ensures that you connecting! 9Th Clinical Modification theory of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle disease. Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 2015. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and.... Etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic some live healthy from their childhood [. Not explained by Murdocks theory of disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic naturalistic! Medicine should be embraced as an important part of health and wellbeing indigenous groups like this ;! Druze women causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria science communities, we have categorized these natural! Way to collect important slides you want to go back to later with a population of 152,107 first authors MHK! Information and Communication Office ; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 an 100! 037/13/Psp ) cause disease was that they also articulated how important social cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria... Condition associated with specific symptoms and signs counseling profession, the human body contains blood, phlegm yellow! Carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced His own perceptions, and therapeutic practice usually the. Or health care in developing countries status offered both opportunities and limitations the... Consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in Nigeria how important social relationships in maintaining good.. And health: applying medical anthropology is the currently accepted scientific theory many... Aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a coherent and thoughtful the... To study African literature without colonizing that discourse, Effect of the study [ ]... In addition, they shared beliefs about ill-health causation in this study community believes that,! Years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women of cultural.