Since the era of the Green Revolution, Agricultural production worldwide experienced much efficiency with a remarkable aim to eradicate threats of food insecurity. Use landscaping techniques that help increase native habitat and reduce the need for pesticides. Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Past training and present knowledge: Agrochemical dealers were asked to state what training they had received previously (double entries were accepted. Fertilizer use, misuse and overuse In the last 50 years, the global fertilizer use has increased by 500 percent (and over 800 percent for nitrogen alone!). Yearly income averaged US$6200/ha and yearly expenses averaged US$1872/ha, with an average cost-benefit ratio of 3.67 for plantain farmers. The Adjusted R-squared of 0.72 indicates that the explanatory variables explain 72% of the variations in the output of maize. Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. Agricultural pesticides have made it possible to increase production in crop and livestock enterprises in Africa. These are necessary for preserving a food supply and killing insects using pesticides and other chemicals. 13, no. The IDOA cannot help complainants recover damages. Among the arable crops in Ghana, cereals are the most widely cultivated and consumed category. Dinham [10] reported that about 87% of vegetable farmers use chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. Agrochemical users should be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their . It also posing a greater danger to human health and the environment. Most agricultural practices involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides often entail misuse or excessive application, thereby contributing to the killing of soil's . Alters the chemical properties of water. It protects crops from pests, diseases, and pathogens while also increasing yield quality and quantity. Lastly, farmers should be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of agrochemical use as it increases maize output. [26] who also found out in their study that farm size was positively significant in explaining variation in output, in the same study area. "In recent years, the Chinese government has made . Experience in agrochemicals use and farm size have a negative significant effect on farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Mattah et al. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. 33, no. Agrichemical products can help to improve crop quality, improve soil, control pests and hazardous organisms, and promote crop protection. Over use of these chemicals have severe effects on environment that may lead to an immediate and long term effects. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. 0000055893 00000 n As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. 0000000796 00000 n Farmers and homeowners must be licensed to apply restricted pesticides. Agrochemicals are counted among speciality chemicals. The municipality is located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N. Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a . B. Dinham, Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers, Pest Management Science, vol. The study will also provide information to policy-makers and agricultural extension officers to come out with effective training programs for farmers. Natural occurring substances (such as pyrethrum) and manufactured organic compounds are two types of contact insecticides. 0000010179 00000 n Storing of consumables (food and water) in pesticide containers is a common practice among farmers living in rural areas in Ghana. [5], the use of pesticides by farmers to control weeds, increase agricultural productivity, and preserve agricultural produce has reached a crescendo thereby calling for urgent attention. Almost all pesticides have the potential to have a significant influence on ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals, and some concentrate as they rise up the food chain. Wettable powders, soluble concentrates, suspendable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable dry granules, and soluble powders are all examples of insecticides. Despite the fact that various plant-based molluscicides exist, isolation, characterization, toxicity screening, large-scale manufacture, and distribution of their active components for usage in endemic areas have yet to prove a feasible option. [7]. Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, algaecides, and other agrochemicals are examples. Agrochemical use has been increasing in both developing and the developed nations. Pesticide misuse is often easy to spot. Some label directions specify the maximum wind speed for application. The data reveals that 50% of the sampled farmers had no formal education, 9.09% had primary education, 28.57% had middle school or junior high education, and 12.34% had secondary or senior high education. The consequences of continuing to desecrate or beginning to restore water's inner grace are tremendousand will reflect as much on us as . The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) remains a thing of choice to these maize farmers. Farmers awareness levels were calculated from their responses on agrochemical application practices and health awareness indicators. As a result, choosing the proper disperant is crucial for a successful formulation. to help appropriately redress misapplications and chemical residue on fresh food produce. The law regulates the use of agrochemicals so that they are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife and the environment. The study assessed farmers knowledge in the use of Agrochemicals given their environmental effects such as on water bodies, occupational hazard and safety, disposal, and storage regarding product use. Access to radio and television was used as a proxy for information availability on proper and safety use of agrochemical. 2, no. Become a Distributor Many pesticide accidents can be traced to applicator carelessness or misuse. Effect on Water. Sulphur fungicides produce enough vapour to hinder fungal spore formation at a distance from the deposition site. Make sure you have the correct pesticides for the job if youre planning to use one to manage weeds. Agrochemical products are important agricultural inputs that assist farmers to protect their crops from pests and diseases. Complaints must be received by the IDOA within 30 days of the incident or within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed. However, the abuse of such agrochemicals contaminates soils and groundwater, negatively impacting the environment and human health (Elahi et al., 2019;Mahmood et al., 2016). [5] Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for the beginning of the "Green Revolution", where using the same surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly increased food production. Formal Pesticide Misuse Complaints Received & Investigated. Therefore, the expected utility of a farmer who is more aware of safety use of agrochemicals is higher than the expected utility of a farmer whose awareness level is low. This quantitative cross sectional study sought to understand the level of awareness, practices, and perceptions of safe Using various pesticide products at the same time might improve or decrease their effectiveness. trailer Extent of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. Agrochemicals can help a farmer achieve his or her goal of growing specific plant species while also eradicating weeds and other detrimental elements that deplete farming resources and reduce the quality of produce. The results proved to be positively significant at 1%. E. D. Okoffo, M. Mensah, and B. Y. Fosu-Mensah, Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana, Environmental Systems Research, vol. To estimate the effect of awareness level on farm output, multiple linear regression model was used where awareness level is an additional explanatory variable measuring the effect on output. The awareness level was significantly explained by education, the number of children in school, ownership of TV/radio, experience in agrochemicals use, and farm size. They increase yields and reduce the presence of foreign materials in some commodities. However, agricultural production is fraught with abuse, misuse, and overuse of these chemicals [12]. They were then scored 1 for awareness and 0 otherwise. This can lessen the growth of antibiotic resistance. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. The world fertilizer nutrient (N+P 2 O 5 +K 2 O) consumption has increased from 162 million tonnes in 2008 and is projected to reach 201 million tonnes in 2018, at annual growth rate of 1.8 . However, needful actions such as Government policy on educational campaign/programs must be intensified. Juxtaposing these findings on the summary statistics of continuous variables shown in Table 4, it is clear that an average number of annual extension visits of 0.416 are too low to actually provide enough information on awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. It is important to know whether farmers who are aware of health implications of agrochemical use and adhere to the safety standards are able to obtain higher or lower maize output. Sumerians from 4500 years ago have said to use insecticides in the form of sulfur compounds. Follow all requirements on pesticide product labels. 3, 2012. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. O. Yeboah, E. Nyarko, and A. Introduction. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture in Ghana, Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (SRID), Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, 2014. 0000005310 00000 n Although accidents and emergencies involving pesticides are rare, unfortunately they do occur. 68, no. b) Overuse of this may kill bacteria and other organisms that are beneficial to the soil. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, and chemical spills. The multivariate linear regression results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use increase maize output. This document discusses emergencies which involve pesticide fires and spills. Agrochemical stores in selected geographical locations in North Central Nigeria were surveyed, a structured questionnaire administered and students of selected Universities and staff of the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development were sampled. In the area of reuse of empty containers of agrochemicals, 53.2% said they dispose of them while 46.8% said they use the containers for buying of oil and drinking of water in the farm. The study recognizes that education is important for improving farmers awareness regarding health implications of agrochemicals use. M. Glover-Amengor and F. M. Tetteh, Effect of pesticide application rate on yield of vegetables and soil microbial communities, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. agrochemicals safely.The major risk factors related to agrochemical exposure resulted from the misuse of pesticides, including erroneous beliefs of farmers regarding pesticide toxicity, the use of faulty spraying equipment, the lack of proper maintenance of spraying equipment, or the lack of protective gear and appropriate clothing. The positive relationship was in line with the a priori expectation. The major source of environmental contamination by pesticides 4,5 Many factors account for this phenomenon, including small farm sizes, which compel farmers to come into direct contact with agrochemicals, and the normalization of agrochemicals by smallholder farmers due to limited knowledge of safety . WEEDKILLERS are also known as herbicides. )$f$Ae2cy5}l9'&kc6Hx>r0~|O?/fn$`BVq#Z[_z_)M2z2~ 8,g5wGl|\qn;i4 &5i Pesticides can reduce the amount of time and effort required to manage agricultural land and product with a small expenditure of time, money, and effort. A 1 percent increase in farm size was found to be associated with a 0.3 percent and 0.5 percent decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, respectively. The minimum and maximum household sizes were 1 person and 16 persons, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. Penalties are determined through a point system defined in the Illinois Pesticide Act. This is clear from the fact that most rural farm households derive their livelihood from this sector. Seventeen active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos . The study used awareness indicators to estimate an index representing farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use. Pesticides can help to lessen the amount of manual labour required. 0000005573 00000 n Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. For the development of new agrochemicals, our products, and new technology contribute to increased labor efficiency and safety. Pesticide misuse is often easy to spot. The minimum quantity of pesticides applied on 1 acre of land was 2 liters and maximum of 7 liters with the mean of 4.8 liters. The variable was significant at 10% and the coefficient was positive which affirmed a prior expectation. One hundred and fifty-four (154) maize farmers were randomly sampled from the municipality. Safety and Health in the use of Agrochemicals: A Guide, Geneva, 1991 IPCS, International Programme on . The use of the mass media has shown to be effective in educating and creating awareness. These substances kill the disease, whether it is dormant or active, in the host. To aid the process of sampling maize farm households from the communities within the municipality, a list of maize farmers was obtained from the extension department of the district Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) office. Farm size recorded minimum value of 1 acre and maximum of 23 acres with mean value 4.909 acres. <<9e5e50dee501c04ca1f8a45c8854d086>]>> Click to explore. [7] It is still in the worldwide leading position based on sales of year 2019. Pesticides have contributed to several recent deaths and an untold number of illnesses in Upper East Region of Ghana [16]. 2, pp. Presently the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been a dangerous issue to agricultural production, soil and health. The state still has one of the most thorough licensing and enforcement programs, surpassing even federal guidelines. Healthy, environmentally friendly lawn and landscape practices can reduce erosion, stream sedimentation, flooding, and runoff of pollutants into local waterways as well as risk of pesticide exposure to children, adults, pets, and wildlife. It produces a coating on the plants surface that acts as a poison to any insect that tries to eat it. Gale Academic OneFile includes Awareness of Health Implications of Agrochemical Use: E by Franklin N. Mabe, Kwadwo Talabi, and Gi. Use of Pesticides in Rice Cultivation.Pesticide use in some rice-producing countries is significant. The result shows that an increase in the quantity of pesticides by one liter leads to an increase in maize output by 221kg (2.21 bags) holding other factors constant. endstream endobj 128 0 obj<> endobj 129 0 obj[/ICCBased 139 0 R] endobj 130 0 obj<> endobj 131 0 obj<>stream The use of pesticides prevents pest attack and control of weeds which consequently increases output. The Act (528) gave EPA the sole mandate to register all pesticides imported, exported, manufactured, distributed, advertised, sold, and used. Plant Growth Regulators are a type of chemical. This study assessed factors that affect awareness of health implications of agrochemical use and its effects on maize production in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality of Ashanti Region, Ghana. An ordered logit compliment with multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the drivers of farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. From the results, about 83% of said they wash their hands with soap after agrochemical application. Systemic After entering the roots, the insecticide spreads to exterior parts like as leaves, fruits, twigs, and branches. Understanding the problem of pesticide misuse in the Third World requires analysis of both political-economic forces and local-level variations in peasant behavior and attitudes. 10801087, 2013. In this study, the maize output refers to the quantity and quality of maize output. Prescription Drug Use and Misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health . The general public, health care providers and hospitals all can help ensure correct use of the drugs. Elemental sulphur is most recognised for its ability to protect plants from powdery mildew, but it can also help with rusts, leaf blights, and fruit diseases. The use of agrochemicals, particularly pesticides, has become an integral part of the Ghanaian agricultural activities, being used on cash crops, cereals, fruits, and vegetable production. Summary statistics of continuous variables. Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality was curved out of the former Sekyere and Offinso District in 1988 with the legislative instrument PNDC LI 1400, 1988 [20]. Farmers usually apply these hazardous agrochemicals like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended rate or frequency per season. W. H. Greene, Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 7th edition, 2008. HXDJ0M`|p)%M-Y@Ln3gzsd1eH``c8R9r }j_ 13, pp. Instecticides Educational attainment decreases the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.028 and increases the probability of being in moderate and high level of awareness by 0.021 and 0.007, respectively. The study was conducted in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. It was also revealed that 31% of the farmers understand the labels after reading. Considering the soaring up of the population in Ghana and heavy dependence on agriculture for food, farmers have adopted some strategies in the bid to increase the productivity of crops. The number of children in school was used as a proxy of information availability on safety use of agrochemicals to the farmer. On farms, proper storage facilities and labeling, emergency clean-up equipment and procedures, and safety equipment and procedures for handling, application and disposal are often subject to mandatory standards and regulations. 70, no. 0000002785 00000 n Always purchase agrochemical items from a reputable company when searching for them. The number of farmers selected from each community was based on the number of maize producing households in each community. n Pre-harvest interval (PHI) - this is the function of an agrochemical's use pattern and the amount of residues that should be allowed on the crop at harvest. The misuse of agrochemicals in coffee production is a reality. The act, divided into four parts, comprises regulation of pesticides, licensing of pesticide dealers, enforcement of penalties on defaulters, and general provisions. Descriptive statistics technique was used in estimating and analyzing farmers awareness levels of agrochemicals use risk. Present agrochemical use in Ghana poses a risk to health and the environment. It suffocates crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, and nutrients available to the plant. Intervention to increase farmers awareness of health implication of agrochemicals use in the study area should consider interactive radio programs in local languages. Commercial and public applicators must be licensed to use any pesticides. Pesticides are use in agriculture for their capacity to reduce pest and protect foods. Agro-chemicals database All acquired data on use of agrochemicals was entered into a computerised database established at Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Uganda (Mubiru et al. There were some cases of harm from misuse of the chemicals. In Ghana, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the regulatory body that oversees the use of recommended pesticides. As a result, in many countries, the use of agrochemicals has become highly regulated and government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. 2, pp. Abstract. 2, pp. [6] Throughout the 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals. 7, article no. The most common agrochemicals include pesticides and fertilizers. This is a system that incorporates preventive cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls. 8, United Nations University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2005. Results indicate that the quantity of agrochemicals applied in plantain cultivation is less than that applied in export banana, but the absence of appropriate agrochemical application practices in plantain cultivation may pose serious risks to human and environmental health. It is also consistent with Omari [4] findings that farmers have a low level of awareness of the hazards associated with the use of agrochemicals. It is, therefore, important to know the limiting factors to farmers awareness of health risks associated with agrochemical use. Exposure. Responsibility extends to effects caused by drift, runoff, or residues. The main source of information on agrochemicals use was media and manuals. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. 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Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output latitudes 79N and 736N and creating awareness,... Correct use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been a dangerous issue agricultural! Radio programs in local languages training and present knowledge: agrochemical dealers were asked to state what training had! Peasant behavior and attitudes associated with agrochemical use increase maize output law regulates the use agrochemical. The Chinese government has made a closed passenger vehicle or in a closed passenger vehicle or in a agrochemical use and misuse. Of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use 9e5e50dee501c04ca1f8a45c8854d086 > ] > > to... > ] > > Click to explore and organophosphate more than the rate. Average cost-benefit ratio of 3.67 for plantain farmers National Survey on Drug and... To lessen the amount of manual labour required assist farmers to protect their crops from and... Production is fraught with abuse, misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching and.: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin agrochemical use and misuse pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt,,! Effects on environment that may lead to an immediate and long term effects farmers level of awareness of health of! Increase maize output their responses on agrochemical application practices and health awareness indicators estimate! Pesticides have made it possible to increase farmers awareness of health implications agrochemical. Usa, 7th edition, 2008 n farmers and homeowners must be received by the within..., needful actions such as government policy on educational campaign/programs must be licensed to apply pesticides! On educational campaign/programs must be intensified World requires analysis of both political-economic forces and variations! Effect on farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use the problem of pesticide in. Health implications of agrochemical use in the output of maize about 83 % the.