Historians know about the Slave Trail. After Isaac died, in 1846, they published the succession, an inventory of his belongings, he says. Franklin once ran the biggest operation at Forks of the Road, moving hundreds of people every month. He married Margaret Dunlap about 1784, in Guilford, North Carolina, United States. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. History, too, has largely let them off scot-free, Schermerhorn said. People still come to show their money at Fairvue, like Franklin himself. I wouldnt have made it too well in slavery days, because I am the kind of person who just could not imagine you would treat me the way they treated people. The great fall in cotton has so alarmed the people that there is not the slightest prospect of our selling our negroes at almost any price, he wrote home. In my family, people looked after their slaves, he said. There is one marker on a wall outside a restaurant called Masperos. The Natchez Trace Parkway, with asphalt flat like silk, now follows the old route. That would be more than $440 million today.. The site is empty but for the five markers, paid for by the City of Natchez. The paper lists peoples names, their color and place of origin. James Ware, the slave dealer Waller had met in Natchez, had come through on the sales, and he offered Waller an itemized statement. The previous year, Franklin & Armfield had moved their jail and slave market in Natchez to a site on the edge of town called Forks of the Road. But if New Orleans was the Kennedy Airport of the Slave Trail, the grass at Forks of the Road was its OHare. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. Those kinds of stubborn myths they need demolition., Aaron Burr villain of Hamilton had a secret family of color, new research shows. The remainder of the gang pushed on to Natchez. Americas forgotten migration the journeys of a million African-Americans from the tobacco South to the cotton South, Edward Ball; Photographs by Wayne Lawrence. He was born in 1812 in Virginia. He takes a seat at his melodeon, a portable organ that dates from the 1850s, and plays a few bars of period-appropriate music. Each carried 5 to 50 slaves. Genealogy for John Franklin Layfayette Armfield (1858 - 1910) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. I wish to inquire for my relatives, whom I left in Virginia about 25 years ago. This is the only child I have and I desire to find him much. Even while actively trading slaves, the two men enjoyed an excellent reputation and moved in top-tier social circles, according to Rothman. I want to resurrect the history of the enslavement trade, and for 20 years, that is where Ive focused.. In winter 1848, cotton was down. He regularly acts as a mediator with respect to family provision claims. Born in 1797 to lapsed Quakers who farmed several hundred acres in North Carolina and owned a small number of enslaved people, Armfield spent his early adulthood pursuing a variety of unsuccessful ventures, including a small mercantile shop which he was forced to abandon after his affair. The expectation of so many slaves was that their families would be annihilated, and so it became important to be able to forget. This letter from 1834 held riches, and I will bring them out by land was, for me, the invaluable line: It referred to a forced march overland from the fields of Virginia to the slave auctions in Natchez and New Orleans. It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. The editors of theSouthwestern Christian Advocatepublished their paper in New Orleans, but it went out to Methodist preachers in Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas and Louisiana. Sarah & child $800Henry $800. I work for the government, I go to church, have two kids, and I say this story is too painful. But here is a group with dozens, aged 10 to 12. I had never seen so revolting a sight before, he said. The cut is about 12 feet wide, with shallow ditches on each side. My name was Mary, and I was nine years old when sold to a trader named Walker, who carried us to North Carolina. He suspects the abuse, which had no financial purpose, stemmed from a desire for raw power: They did it because they could, and they felt like it.. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? Just outside town, the Trace comes to an end at a shabby intersection. Every few miles, Armfield and his chained-up gang came to a toll station. Hannah Cole was one of them, maybe the first. No buildings on that half-acre. Most of the others were under 20. So it must be true. I could not shake off my chains, nor move a yard without the consent of my master., (My own ancestors held slaves in South Carolina for six generations. In the old days, there were few black people here, a lot of Quakers and the beginning of an antislavery movement. My aim is to preserve every inch of dirt in this area, Boxley says. At this point in the journey, other spurs, from Louisville and Lexington to the north, joined the main path of the Slave Trail. Franklin, who was approaching his 50s, was tired and didnt want to do it anymore, Rothman said. Numerous fires were gleaming through the forest: it was the bivouac of the gang, wrote the traveler, George Featherstonhaugh. If they are alive, I will be glad to hear from them. Thomson warms up, shifts in his seat. As he pushed his hands down the pike, Waller felt guilty about Sarah and Indian, he told his wife. Northern Shenandoah was wheat country then, with one in five people enslaved and hoeing in the fields. A reedy voice, gentle manners. Its been a long time. Armfield watched and smoked. In 1832, at age 43, supremely rich from 20 years as a long-distance trader, Franklin built a big house on 2,000 acres outside Gallatin. She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. They came to look at my negroes & wanted to buy seven or eight, but they objected to the price, Waller said. Researching people who were slaves is like a mystery tale. No, thats not true, says Erin Greenwald, a curator at the Historic New Orleans Collection. Armfield, meanwhile, purchased an old hotel in the Tennessee mountains and converted it to a luxury summer getaway for the wealthy. The man in the South who has done the most to call attention to the Slave Trail was born in Natchez in 1940. The man may be gone, but generations later, some of his people are still around. We are only accountable if it is repeated.. They record the names, heights, ages, sex and coloration as determined by the person looking at them. As far as I am concerned I have had pain enough on the subject without being censured in this quarter.. A thicket of McMansions follows, in every ersatz style. When Franklin and Armfield retired, they passed easily into elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur. They ran to family, friends, or across state lines to freedom. And this is one of its most horrific chapters.. The coffle moved along at three miles an hour. After Duck River, in Tennessee, came the Keg Springs Stand. His slave pen appears on old maps, labeled negro mart.. I think of it as the Slave Trail of Tears. Among them were the field hand Nelson, plus his wife; a man called Piney Woods Dick and another nicknamed Runaway Boots. All the dealers pinned little scraps of paper on their flags to describe the people for sale., Virginia was the source for the biggest deportation. It was at the beginning of the 1800s. But I recognize the melody, and let the song pass. Also, an elderly black woman named Charity, whom he and Sarah had kept at home, knowing that no one would offer money for her. She laughs, surprisingly. Today, on the same spot, a six-lane bridge crosses the New River, and there is a town called Radford, population 16,000. People do know, however, about Civil War battles. Born in North Carolina, he worked as a stagecoach driver before meeting Isaac Franklin and joining him in the business of selling enslaved men, women, and children for profit. They had seen the money others were making by selling out and decided to do the same. Maurie McInnis, a historian and vice provost at the University of Virginia, who curated the Richmond exhibit, stood in front of a slave dealers red flag that she tracked down in Charleston, South Carolina, where it had lain unseen in a box for more than 50 years. The two most ruthless domestic slave traders in America had a secret language for their business. He ran it with great success in his final years, earning visits from very prominent people, including archbishops and the mayor of Nashville, according to Rothman. I make a first estimate: zero. Life looking up since the divorce. No. Some names in the lists are familiar. I mean, people who do not understand the old lifestylestheir standpoint on life, and their education, are what today we consider limited. Randolph once wrote a friend to complain that the road was thronged with droves of these wretches & the human carcass-butchers, who drive them on the hoof to market. Comparing Virginia to a stop on the West African slave trade, Randolph sighed, One might almost fancy oneself on the road to Calabar.. The company's agents sent people down to Franklin & Armfield's slavepens (another word that has disappeared) in Alexandria, just nine miles south of the U.S. Capitol: seamstresses, nurses,. We had a cook, a black man. So one of his men picked a shallow place and tested it by sending over a wagon and four horses. He writes me word that a neighbor of his will take six if we can agree upon price.. Starting in Nashville I drive down the parkway. It hangs in the living room, above the sofa. He and his young wife came with a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadelphia in 1718. I wasnt taught to be prejudiced. John Armfield (abt. That comes to $140,000, or about $3.5 million today. She moved with her parents to New Garden Monthly Meeting in Guilford County, North Carolina. The women wore calico dresses and white aprons and a pink ribbon at the neck with hair carefully braided. A magnificent Greek Revival courthouse stands next to a one-room barbershop with a corrugated metal front. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. But the tourist money is fairly recent. Thats on the Internet. James Ware, Wallers broker, was having no luck selling the truncated coffle in Mississippi. Waller decided to try to sell one or two people there. It was designed by North Carolina's first registered architect, William G. Armfield. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. Jack Keys children at Fairvue included Lucien Key, whose children included a woman named Ruby Key Hall. I tried picking cotton right here, outside Natchez, and I never could pick 100 pounds, he says. John Armfield wore a big white hat and striped pants. I never heard of any mistreatment. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. The Armfield coffle of 1834 is better documented than most slave marches. Families--Southern States. During the 50 years before the Civil War, about a million enslaved people moved from the Upper SouthVirginia, Maryland, Kentuckyto the Deep SouthLouisiana, Mississippi, Alabama. Sometimes, as in Balls case, the chain ran through an iron neck collar. His trip on the Slave Trail, like most others, would end in Natchez and New Orleans. It took two days wages if you earned 50 cents a day, what freedpeoplea new wordwere starting to get for work. login . (Video: Ashleigh Joplin/The Washington Post). When I meet Boxley he wears red pants, brown slip-ons and a blue T-shirt that says, Juneteenth150th Anniversary. Since 1995, he has annoyed the state of Mississippi and worried tourist managers with his singular obsession to mark the lives of those who passed down the Slave Trail through Forks of the Road. Slaves for sale wore a uniform of sorts. Four or five tents were spread, and the large wagons, which were to accompany the expedition, were stationed where they could be piled high with provisions and other necessaries. New clothes were loaded in bundles. One thing that is hard to document but impossible to ignore is the fancy trade. New Orleans had a niche market. Buyers looked at the people, took them inside, made them undress, studied their teeth, told them to dance, asked them about their work, and, most important, looked at their backs. Next came wagons with the young children and those who could no longer walk. About half of those people boarded ships in Washington or Norfolk, bound for Louisiana, where Franklin sold them. Isaac had a child by a black woman before he married, Thomson says. Along the way, the coffle met other slave gangs, construction crews rebuilding the Wagon Road, widening it to 22 feet and putting down gravel. By the polite invitation of Mr. Ware, as he put it, I passed over a hundred miles with no white persons visible and got here to Natchez in four days. He trotted into town in early 1848, the dwindling gang behind him. Some museum curators know about it, too. The sound of Wallers letters homehe wrote some 20 of them on the Slave Trailis upbeat, a businessman sending word that theres nothing to worry about. I ask a Nashville museum director, Mark Brown, for help in finding a member of the family in the here and now. Nancy Ann Armfield was born 1732 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania to John Armfield and his wife. Thomson brings out an article that he wrote some years ago for the GallatinExaminer. You feel something here? A hundred yards from Forks of the Road, there is a low brick bridge across a narrow creek. There, at the age of 22, she married Joseph Thornburg son of Edward and Sarah Ann Hannah Haman Thornburg on 30 Nov 1754. Then he remembers why he wanted to write the book. During the black power years of the 1960s he renamed himself Ser Seshsh Ab Heter. In 1827, it was 1,359. It is easily stumbled into. Armfield may have been less extroverted, but he, too, drew accolades for his social graces. Today in New Orleans, the number of monuments, markers and historic sites that refer in some way to the domestic slave trade is quite small. The fancy trade meant women sold as forcible sex partners. He had six plantations and 650 slaves.. In Gallatin, I drive out to look at the old Franklin estate. The whole amount of sales for the twentythe entire group that had come with him from Virginiais $12,675. (About $400,000 now.) On holidays it is something, we have to rent a community center. There were free blacks in the South that owned slaves. When I got back to Natchez, at age 55, I saw the large tourism industry, and I noticed that nowhere in this chattel-slavery museum town could I find, readily and visibly, stories that reflected the African-American presence. So he started advocating for the Forks. What was it like to be in the room with Isaac Franklin? The auction advertisements at the end of the Slave Trail always said, Virginia and Maryland Negroes.. Waller reached Mississippi by that November. Multiply that by 200. I think thats interesting. He knew how to be a gentleman. The same reporter described a noble-looking woman with a bright-eyed seven-year-old. When mother and boy stepped onto the platform, however, no bids came for them, and the auctioneer decided on the spur of the moment to put the boy on sale separately. I pull in at various towns and ask around. In a front room, a paralleldozens of photos of the slave factories of Ghana and Sierra Leone, where captives were held before being sent to the Americas. They were women of mixed race, invariably. He did it, but it is what it is. Neither Franklin nor Armfield earned recrimination from their peers during their lifetimes and neither man felt the slightest remorse, according to their papers. They were discovered, and it caused a panic. Golden Plains (Plantation : Mississippi) Map sources: Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; Edward Ball; Guilbert Gates; Dacus Thompson; Sonya Maynard, Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, AP Photo/The Natchez Democrat, Ben Hillyer, Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine now for just $12. Today as then, Raymond, Mississippi, is a crossroads, population 2,000. Never heard of it. The Civil War interrupted the fortunes of the southern plantation owners and the cottages acquired by them were taken back by John Armfield. There was a pair of carriages for the whites. I have sold out all my negroes to one man for eight thousand dollars! he told his wife. Since 2007, a proposal to incorporate the site into the National Park Service has been creeping toward approval. of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] Spindly pine and oaks away off the roadbed, a third-growth woods. By 1835 this place was abuzz with long-distance traders. Yet today, almost no one knows their names. He carries a poster, 4 by 6 feet, in the back of his red Nissan truck. Now Angela symbolizes a brutal history. If you carry hatred or strong dislike for people, all you are doing is hurting yourself.. I did not know before I came home whether my parents were dead or alive. And now, mother nor father did not know me., Edward Ball I dont spare anything. In Winchester, the Winchester-. The slave-trade site it mentions, Masperos Exchange, was diagonally across the street from the sandwich place.. The Slave Trail of Tears is the great missing migrationa thousand-mile-long river of people, all of them black, reaching from Virginia to Louisiana. Privacy Statement I am president of the Sumner County Hysterical Society, he cracks, the only place you get respect for knowing a lot of dead people.. In 1857 alone, the sale of people in Richmond amounted to $4 million, McInnis said. And then they were goneout to plantations in northern Louisiana, or central Mississippi, or southern Alabama. Freedom-seekers risked brutal punishment and retribution against . When Armfield turned up with his gang in Gallatin, he seems to have handed the group not to Isaac Franklin, but to Franklins nephew James Franklin. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. BY KATE PARRISH O n May 11, 1857, James Hervey Otey, the Episcopal bishop of Tennessee, wrote to John Armfield asking for help. The coffle headed west out of Alexandria. They were guarding 200 men and boys lined up in twos, their wrists handcuffed together, a chain running the length of 100 pairs of hands. The journey ended, the business done, Waller headed home. Surnames; Search People; Armfields marriage never yielded any children, and Franklins children with Hayes all died without producing offspring, according to Rothman, so the two men have no direct white descendants living today. And we had all these servants till they died. It is 8 p.m., and the sun is failing. They continued in black newspapers until World War I, fully 50 years after Emancipation. Gangs of slaves were welcome if they slept in the field, far from business. They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. William Waller and his gang, and other hundreds of thousands arriving by foot, did not leave traces in government records. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield were two of the nation's most successful slave traders. It meant compliant, gentle and not broken by overwork. I ring the doorbell at the house the Slave Trail built. In Virginia, the coffles marched from town to town. My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. I do not approve of revisionist historians. The floor is a marble mosaic. We have about ten thousand dollars to pay yet. His parents named him Clifton M. Boxley. Samuel Garland said something about negro trading that makes me infer the Church is displeased with me. A message from a woman who had been snatched from her mother when she was a girl might reach hundreds of thousands. The older I get, the more tolerant I become. There they were sold to new bosses and dispersed in a 300-mile radius to the sugar and cotton plantations. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. Can you tell it in a way that is not going to injure my sensitivity? The mother begged her new master to buy little Jimmie too, but he refused, and the child was dragged away. Born 50 miles that way, Radford for 20 years. At the same time, that doesnt mean that he didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies. They bought shoes for them, blankets for them, brought in doctors to treat them. At the peak of their business, the two men were moving roughly 1,000 people a year, historians said. Slave traders would issue new clothes for people they had to sell, but they were usually cheaper. She is petite, talkative, knowledgeable and precise. But what it says is wrong. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. All the servants were black. Elcho (Plantation : Madison Parish, La.) I think Franklin was a cruel individual, but he was human. Kenneth Thomson opens the door to his house, which is clapboard and painted a pretty cottage yellowquaint, not grand. She was 18 at the time and just over five feet tall. John's three married daughters had remained in Pennsylvania. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. My oh my, the Scots-Irishthey were like made of brass. I do not believe that black people were responsible for their own enslavement, or that African-Americans should be grateful for slavery because they are better off than West Africans, or that a black man was author of the slave system. On September 6, the gang was marching 50 miles southwest of Roanoke. She points to a beautiful piece of silk printed with the sentence, Slaves must be cleared at the Customs House. Its a sign that probably hung in staterooms on steamships. A kind of check-your-luggage announcement. John Armfield (1797-1871) was an American slave trader. After a few days Glenn turned up in Roxboro. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage - which he said he discovered through DNA testing - in an essay included in "Slavery's. He came home to Natchez in 1995 and discovered Forks of the Road. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. One lost friend wrote: Mr. EditorI was bred and born in Virginia, but am unable to name the county, for I was so young that I dont recollect it; but I remember I lived twelve miles from a town called Danville.I was sold to a speculator whose name was Wm. On the whole, things werent that bad. When I grew up, we were servanted. But bad habits concerning sex were rampant among some of those men. Many slaveholders were inclined to do so, as their plantations made smaller fortunes than many princeling sons would have liked. Take the Bible. You know, I have been around blacks all my life. My grandfather went to the folks who had owned our family and asked, Do you have any documentation about our history during the slave days? While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. William Armfield, who is the ancestor of the Brown family, was born in B ucks County, Pennsylvania in 1720. Put them all together, we are like a big sports team. (Armfields hotel, which still stands, is used to host events including Methodist retreats.) Their good reputations persisted after retirement. History The history of Beersheba Springs Assembly is complicated; birthed in a spirit of healing and retreat, it thrived from the capital investment of notorious slave trader John Armfield. In Roanoke, at a tourist information outlet called Virginias Blue Ridge. Franklin and Armfield, who headquartered their slave trading business in a townhouse that still stands in Alexandria, Va., sold more enslaved people, separated more families and made more money from the trade than almost anyone else in America. One night in September 1834, a traveler stumbled into the Armfield coffles camp. But as Waller drifted through Mississippi, he couldnt sell anyone. Greenwald stands in front of two beige livery coats hanging behind a pane of glass. They were made to go, deported, you could say, having been sold. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. The men dressed in navy blue suits with shiny brass buttonsas they marched singly and by twos and threes in a circle, wrote Felix Hadsell, a local man. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. 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