"It is bad, really bad. Thanks to their ever-growing popularity, the nations newly interconnected railways are perfect for outlaw types to ply their devious craft on unsuspecting and unprepared passenger and freight trains. Police have claimed that the boy was killed during a confrontation between police officers and gang members. "The trend is systemic and has been institutionalized from the very top," said Wikus Steyl, a lawyer in Johannesburg. On April 30, 2014 Dontre Hamilton was killed after being shot 14 times by a police officer in a Milwaukee park. Plus, the unsettled lands of the West provide plenty of isolated areas ideal for stopping trains and hiding out from the law. Personal Disord Theor Res Treat. She said she protested when she was accused of trespassing and that Mr. Simmons became angry and grabbed her. Her death was the result of a search warrant that was being executed by white police officers from the Louisville Metro Police Department. This video has been removed. Racial profiling may help to explain this phenomenon. In Miami, over the last three years, people in the Overtown neighborhood have been arrested by the Florida East Coast Railway police. The country has a history of law enforcement violence due to racial and socioeconomic disparities that have continuously plagued the Rainbow Nation. But complaints about their police forces are handled by railroads in a professional manner.. Called bulls, these unofficially deputized men are hired by various railroad companies to protect trains from the shady characters of the farthest outreaches of the vast American West. Personality psychology can be helpful in making these decisions, as there are assessments that can be used to predict how individuals will respond to stressful situations as well as predict their behavior when on the job. Presidents Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Trains carry cash, and lots of it. Some researchers theorize that traits of "psychopathy", also called antisocial personality disorder (APD), may be more prevalent in police officers than the general population. Philando Castiles fiance, Diamond Reynolds, who was in the car with her daughter when he was shot, streamed the immediate aftermath of the shooting on her phone using Facebook live. But with less crime to watch out for, the bulls become keen on teaching the virtually harmless hobos a lesson. Police Brutality Victims 107 Words | 1 Pages. Not one child in this world needs to die like this," said Bridget Harris, his mother. many human rights organizations in several African countries have reported increased police abuse. That said, research on this theory is limited. Some examples of individual-level factors are given below. How US police have responded with violence to protests against police brutality video report, widely documented in the first wave of protests, data collected by Bellingcat and Forensic Architecture. He was unarmed. When these biases are activated, they may handle a situation differently than they would if, for example, a person was White instead of Black or driving a BMW instead of a old beat-up pickup truck. 1 for railroad bulls. It is a near-militarized ensemble of hardened Civil War veterans, meaty cowboy types, and whoever else wants to fire a gun and catch bad guys. Screenshot/TRNN. The charges of interfering with public duties . The Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) is investigating the discovery of an 18-inch pipe bomb, or explosive device, near railroad tracks in the northeastern Philadelphia neighborhood of Holmesburg. The railroad police are certified by states and are required to undergo training similar to other police officers. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. BY Read more:HRW says police brutality thrives under Kenya coronavirus curfew. Nineteen incidents show police being permissive to far-right members and treating white supremacists favorably at protests. Nearly 90 percent of those charges have been dismissed. Between 1931 and 1932, the commission published the findings of its investigation in 14 volumes, one of which was titledReport on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement.The realities of police brutality came to light, even though the commission did not address racial disparities outright. U.S. Department of Justice. The premise of this training is to help police officers understand that everyone grows up with subconscious biases, even if someone doesn't feel like they have any prejudice. Cookie Settings, Everett Collection Historical, Alamy Stock Photo, Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, gift of Samuel Y. Edgerton, Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Howard Greenberg Gallery, National Museum of African American History and Culture, National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement., National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Its causing irreparable harm not just physical, said Tai Carpenter, board president of Dont Shoot Portland. Edduard Prince was charged with trespassing in 2013 after crossing tracks. Today, live streaming, tweets and Facebook posts have blasted the incidents of police brutality, beyond the black community and into the mainstream media. The data documents 60 incidents of officers using unlawful assembly almost half of these instances took place in Portland. There are about 1,200 railroad bulls in the United States. He did not follow police instructions to lay on the ground but rather pointed at the sky, patted the ground and was laughing and giggling while being ordered at gun point to lay on the ground. Around the early 1800's, significant amounts of foreigners began to immigrate into the country. For Newark, a majority Black city with a reputation of violence, poverty and a long history of police brutality against its residents, it was a somewhat radical new move. 09/07/2020. Police brutality against protesters has also been extensively documented in New York City, Seattle, Minneapolis and Los Angeles. The Impacts of Implicit Bias Awareness Training in the NYPD. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The discovery comes after train derailments shook the country after these supposed accidents released hazardous and cancerous chemicals into the local environments, particularly in Ohio. Accordingly, by the mid-1950s many urban police departments had implicitly reconceived their missions as essentially that of policing African Americansi.e., protecting whites against Blacks. Mostly they look like private security guardsbadges, uniforms, and standardized firearms have become the norm. After the B&O Railroad announced their second ten percent wage cuts . However, each of them can be considered from a psychological standpoint or psychological lens. Police violence has increased all over the continent. 'Theres a tendency to stereotype people as being more or less dangerous. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Jun 17, 2021. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. During the summer of 1967, 158 riots erupted in urban communities across America. DeVylder J, Lalane M, Fedina L. The association between abusive policing and PTSD symptoms among U.S. police officers. J Soc Soc Work Res. In some African countries, violence meted out by security officers worsened after governments imposed curfews to contain the spread of COVID-19. As a society in general, mental health is still surrounded by stigma, so it is doubly important that police officers are made to feel that it is acceptable for them to talk about their mental health struggles. This is vigilante activity, that the anti-Black Lives Matter protesters believe is an extension of police and in some cases the police agree, said Alexander Reid Ross, a professor at Portland State University and researcher at the Center for Analysis of the Radical Right. Because African Americans have been the primarythough certainly not the onlytarget of police brutality in the United States, the remainder of this article will deal mainly with their experiences, both historically and in the present day. To be sure, most of the railroad police officers carry out their jobs without incident, protecting more than $515 billion of goods carried by trains each year. To reduce the use of excessive and deadly force, it is important to improve the relationships between the police department and the community, particularly the Black community, as this sector is generally the one most affected by police brutality (and subsequent anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress). And while they start in a wholly unofficial governmental capacity, by the 1860s various states begin to grant the bulls official law enforcement powers. Police brutality refers to the excessive use of force by a police officer against a victim or victims that is deemed to go beyond the level required to sustain life, avoid injury, or control a situation. The Underground Railroad depicts the full spectrum of brutality and violation that defined the institution of slavery. This is clearly racial profiling, Mr. But when Pinkerton dies in 1884, the railroads beef up their own fledgling police forces. Most encounters with the police do not involve violence. Racial profiling refers to assuming guilt based on race or ethnicity, a problem that mostly affects those individuals who have a higher lifetime risk of dying as a result of police brutality. Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. During the Civil Rights Era, though many of the movement's leaders advocated for peaceful protests, the 1960s were fraught with violent and destructive riots. When better training and education are in place for police officers, as well as better mental health support, then better outcomes may result. O'Kane C. Eric Garner's mom says seeing a black man plead "I can't breathe" is "like a reoccurring nightmare". During the arrest, former police officer, now convicted murderer Derek Chauvin kept his knee on Floyd's neck while Floyd was handcuffed and lying on his face. "There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied?" For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database. Police brutality is a significant problem within law enforcement around the world, often resulting from racial discrimination and stereotyping by police officers. Cara Lustik is a fact-checker and copywriter. In 1991, following the beating of cab driver Rodney King, video footage vividlytoldthe story of police brutality on television to a much wider audience. In late August, Nathaniel Julius, a young South African boy, was killed by police from the Eldorado Park police station in Soweto. As of January 25,. But it was the pervasive violent policing in communities of color that built distrust at a local, everyday level. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Global News. "This idea of police brutality was very much on peoples minds in 1963, following on the years, decades really, of police abuse of power and then centuries of oppression of African-Americans," says William Pretzer, senior history curator at the museum. In addition to being poor, sometimes diseased, and more often than not starving, hobos are public enemy No. Theres often a focus on elections, and elections are clearly important, but what we all want is for the government to respond to the things that are not working in society. Police Brutality Recent High-Profile Media Cases Black's Law Dictionary defines police brutality as ''the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians.''. In the early days of policing, acts of mass brutality were usually attributed to the poor labor workers. 2019;116(34):16793-16798. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116, Laurencin CT, Walker JM. Police brutality has been occurring ever since the police force began, but recently, the police have been targeting African Americans. However, it is also possible that engaging in excessive force results in a sense of profound guilt and moral injury that in turn lead to PTSD symptoms. These traits can make it more likely that they will overreact and use deadly force when not necessary. WEST PALM BEACH Local protests against police brutality continued Saturday as hundreds marched along West Palm Beach's thoroughfares, lying in silence on an overpass, facing off briefly with . Although police brutality against African Americans had become a serious problem in many urban areas by the mid-20th century, most whites remained unaware of it until about the mid-1960s, in large part because most large-city newspapers (whose readerships were primarily white) did not consider it newsworthy. Beginning in 1877 with the Great Railroad Strike, police began targeting poor labor workers as they attempted to make a fair living. Modern policingdid not evolve into an organized institution until the 1830s and '40s when northern cities decided they needed better control over quickly growing populations. A 1963 protest placard in the Smithsonian collections could almost be mistaken for any of the Black Lives Matter marches of today. Read more:Security forces in Africa brutalizing civilians under lockdown. Terms of Use Every individual has the right to freedom from discrimination, security and liberty . "The only way for police to reduce violence is to go back to training and be taught how to handle the public," Lovejoy Mutongwizo, a young resident in Harare, Zimbabwe, told DW. 2019;10(2):261-273. doi:10.1086/703356, Falkenbach D, Balash J, Tsoukalas M, Stern S, Lilienfeld SO. Police brutality has had a long history in the U.S. On January 7, 2023, 29-year-old Black man Tyre Nichols was pulled over in Memphis, TN, due to claims of reckless driving. Of the eight largest private railroads that were contacted by The Times, only two Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific would provide crime statistics. The idea behind implicit bias training is that those who are better able to manage their biases will be safer, more effective, and fairer in their role as police officers. While these incidents occurred in 2020, police brutality has been a problem for decades. Unfortunately, the situation is inherently one that needs to be fixed from the top down, beginning with the government systems and how they allocate their funding. Imagesof police officers in helmets and body armor riding through neighborhoods in tanks accompany stories of protests whenever one of these incidents occurs. The origins of the unrest in Newark weren't unique in a police versus citizen incident. The commissionconcluded"police actions were 'final' incidents before the outbreak of violence in 12 of the 24 surveyed disorders.. Williams DR. The community is now demanding answers from authorities who are supposed to serve and protect the people. Additionally, given the fact that PTSD can be a risk factor for the use of excessive or deadly force, providing swift and adequate support to officers who have experienced trauma on the job seems to be a necessary prerequisite to preventing the use of excessive force. These frightening statistics do not have to continue. Large factories, industrial operations, railroad construction and other labor settings saw widespread worker revolts in the first . The raid began shortly after midnight. Omissions? In 1943 officers of the Los Angeles Police Department were complicit in attacks on Mexican Americans by U.S. servicemen during the so-called Zoot Suit Riots, reflecting the departments history of hostility toward Hispanics (Latinos). The entire incident became public when video footage shot by onlookers was released to the public. Racial profiling is a public health and health disparities issue. Below are some of the more well-known cases and issues surrounding them. Mr. Simmons retired from the railroad last year, a Union Pacific spokesman said. "Nobody should ever feel this pain when I identified his body. Railroad Police "The Commissioner of Safety shall have the authority to commission and rescind the commissions of all railroad police officers in the state of New Hampshire." (RSA 381:2) The Department of Safety is dedicated in protecting life and property and enhancing public safety. With signs that read: Black Lives Matter and No Justice, No Peace, the chant of Philando, Philando rang out as they marched down the highway in the dark of night. In other words, police departments should begin to lead by example, and that starts with enforcing the law for police officers in the same way that it would be for civilians. But about 87 percent of those arrests were dropped by prosecutors or dismissed by judges. They also included unlawful arrests, verbal abuse (e.g., racial slurs) and threats, sexual assaults against African American women, and police homicides (murders of civilians by police). This, despite the fact that if a civilian were to inflict the same level of force on another individual in the same situation, it would be considered to be a violation of the law. CBS 2 Investigators If the state is going to give private companies law enforcement powers, we felt like there needed to be more transparency and outside oversight, said Joseph C. Szabo, a former administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, who pushed for the law when he was a state union official. By and large these kinds of things have been used on mostly peaceful protests, said Heather-Lynne Van Wilde, a Portland-based journalist who has covered the demonstrations for the Raindrop Works news site. In fact, there are a number of different factors that may play a role, not all of which have to do with the underlying personality of the officer who engages in the act. What are the organizational-level factors that contribute to police brutality? Aggressive dispersion tactics, such as police dogs and fire hoses, against individuals in peaceful protests and sit-ins were the most widely publicized examples of police brutality in that era. Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people as it describes various examples of police-related violence. Millions are unemployed, broke, and desperate. Were it not for the yellowed edges, the placard could almost be mistaken for a sign from any of the Black Lives Mattermarches of the past three years. By default, the words are sorted by relevance/relatedness, but you can also get the most common police brutality terms by using the menu below, and there's also the option to sort the words alphabetically . Prince said the officers pulled up, drew their guns, ordered him to show his hands and arrested him. Five decades later, the posters message rings alarmingly timely. The message after 50 years is still unresolved, remarks Samuel Egerton, a college professor, who donated the poster to the museum. But the loss of trust in police is not only a problem in South Africa. February 17, 2023 | 10:55am. Early Days of Railroad Policing to present Maryland and South Carolina were the first states to build railroads in the early 1830's. By 1835, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Indiana, Louisiana, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois were part of the 11 states with over 200 railroads and approximately 1000 miles of main line track. Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color:Advancing Our Understanding of Race-related Stressors. His words continue to resonate today after a long history of violent confrontations between African-American citizens and the police. The advocacy group Dont Shoot Portland filed a lawsuit against the city of Portland in June, alleging indiscriminate use of teargas at the protests. Ms. Hill was charged with trespassing, resisting arrest and assault and battery. Interactions between African Americans and urban police departments were initially shaped by the Great Migration (191670) of African Americans from the rural South into urban areas of the North and West, especially following World War II. In order to solve the problem of police brutality, it is necessary to understand the underlying factors that lead to it happening in the first place. Psychology Today. After the Michael Brown Jr. shooting in 2014, Neuner and his colleagues Hakeem Jefferson and Josh Pasek found a wide gap between Black people and White people in America as to whether the officer. The mental health of the offending officer may play a role. Federal authorities have ceded oversight of the railroad police to the states, and few states, if any, keep data of complaints against the railroad police. Thomson-DeVeaux A, Rakich N, Buchireddygari L. Why it's so rare for police officers to face legal consequences. By the early 20th century, the era of the fantastical train robbery is all but over. This is a tactic that has been brought up as a solution to police brutality. These railroad police are hulking, aggressive types who can fight and shoot and are willing to lose their lives to protect railroad passengers and goods. The first strike took place with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O Railroad) in Martinsburg, West Virginia, on July 16, 1877. In contrast, incidences of police brutality were regularly covered in the Black press from the early 20th century, frequently in front-page articles. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. Family sues over fatal shooting at Ohio Wal-Mart. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? Miller L. Why Cops Kill: The Psychology of Police Deadly Force Encounters. The first American police departmentwas establishedin Boston in 1838. In other words, there is a tipping point at which excessive force begins to be used, and this tipping point can be dialed backward when police officers receive adequate support for their mental health needs. The commission identifiedsegregationand poverty as indicators and published recommendations for reducing social inequalities,recommendingan expansion and reorientation of the urban renewal program to give priority to projects directly assisting low-income households to obtain adequate housing. Johnson, however,rejectedthe commissions recommendations. The death toll among these police brutality victims is extremely alarming. Understanding What Police Brutality Is and Why It Occurs. The Washington Post's police shootings database shows that police shoot and kill roughly 1,000 people a year in the United States. Regular harassment of homosexuals and transgender persons by police in New York City culminated in 1969 in the Stonewall riots, which were triggered by a police raid on a gay bar; the protests marked the beginning of a new era of militancy in the international gay rights movement. The officer who responded to the call, Christopher Manney, began what would later be described by the Police Chief Edward Flynn as an "inappropriate pat-down.". That means robbers, hobos, and anyone else reckless enough to take their chances unlawfully boarding a train. I think the fact that most of these cases are thrown out by the courts speaks volumes, said Teresa Enriquez, chief assistant public defender in the Miami-Dade Public Defenders Office. There needs to be better oversight of these corporate police forces, because right now it is sorely lacking, said Lloyd C. Larsen, a Republican state representative in Wyoming, one of only two states that do not allow the railroad police to have law enforcement authority; Minnesota is the other. In court transcripts, Judge Allen F. Murphy said he was very troubled that the case was not investigated as a hate crime. 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