Where covered directly with plaster it is considered a medium or average suction masonry base - discussed. Elastowall 351 is an internally plasticized pure acrylic coating which has been used for decades to both provide an aesthetic Before deciding on a repair method, you must determine what is causing the distress. It's easy to fill the voids and it doesn't take long if you can spot a ready mix concrete truck around the foundation. Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the. The result is a bending force much as you'd snap a twig or thin saltine cracker in two. The dense, structural blocks have tremendous strength and are incredibly light-weight as compared to any other masonry building material. Watch this video to see how soil anchors are installed. When intended to capture wall seepage, a small gap is left when the basement floor is replaced to allow wall seepage to reach the drain tile. which is easily trimmed with a razor or utility knife. Terra Cotta Restoration & Reglazing Products, Custom Figure 5: Stone column base, before rebonding with Flexi-Weld 520T. Hollow Tile saves labor cost because rapidly and easily handled, besides giving lighter and better construction. Replacement methods are listed above. If a replacement material is deemed appropriate, MPS will take great care to ensure that a material is chosen which does not impair the integrity of the building in question. No one in the area seems to know anything about this type of foundation. The ribbing on the sides of the hollow clay tiles in our photo provided a gripping surface that aided both in bonding structural clay tile courses and also in bonding plaster or stucco used to cover the tiles on the building interior or exterior. To be sure that the home you wish to purchase is structurally sound, have it evaluated by a foundation contractor or an engineer. The grooves, or ribbing, is on four sides of the "shell" to help mortar, plaster and stucco adhere to the surface. Don't make your final decision based on advertising and cheap prices. to afford the healthfulness and thorough comfort demanded of homes, and to reduce costs, build with Hollow Tile. Often as not, the repairs proved to be futile. Moderators: oldhouse, TinaB, Don M, Schag, Post No. Copyright 2017 Tim Carter. Sign up to my newsletter to receive expert advice for your home! The problem shows up in both slab, and pier and beam type foundations. Also, make sure to have a home inspection. The most effective method of doing so is to use a system of steel hydraulic push piers. A variety of potential causes of cracking in terra cotta mandates that a variety of repair alternatives be made available. Use the cold chisel slowly and carefully to avoid damaging the surrounding brick. Using the Contractors blue book listings is a helpful resource once you've identified your block type and form of construction. The work begins by thoroughly cleaning the wall surface of soil and debris to improveadhesion. If a soil-cement-lime grout is used, the lime content of the slurry will impart the benefits of lime stabilization to the base or sub-base. CLAY HOLLOW TILE CONSTRUCTION at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice. Wear safety goggles to avoid catching a piece of flying mortar in the eye. These blocks are usually a reddish-brown color, and are quite a bit larger than bricks, usually 8" x 12" or 8" x 16". Fix major block foundation cracks without expensive contractors! At U.S. Waterproofing, our basement waterproofing team has stopped seepage in thousands of masonry basements during our 57 years in business. Concrete block foundations that are about 8-feet tall have a history of developing horizontal cracks about 4 feet up from the floor. purposes. proper investigation and correction of the causes underlying the observed deterioration is prerequisite to undertaking repairs, They are bowing and we need to repair these walls. You can begin the renovation work with each side . match and finish as well. terra cotta. Chip away cracked and loose mortar by using a slim cold chisel and a hammer. There's lots going on in this photo. The average concrete block that measures 8 inches high, 8 inches thick and 16 inches long has two giant void spaces inside the block. The steel rods project up about 2 feet from the top of the footing. Water then finds its way through the mortar joints into the basement. Historic Masonry Materials. It's also common in military base buildings and gas stations built as late as 1940. It could have been called jaw breaker concrete too as that hard candy I remember as a kid was about the size of a larger green pea. Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, photograph, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. Foundations with walls, such as basements and crawlspaces, must resist the lateral (horizontal) loads imposed by soil that is placed against the walls. facilitates achievement of excellent aesthetic finishes for repairs to architectural terra cotta. All foundations will settle with time, but problems arise when this settlement is uneven or extreme. It's a far cry from a poured concrete wall! There's another method engineers use to repair bowed block foundation walls. A variety of potential causes of cracking in terra cotta mandates that a variety of repair alternatives be made available. These blocks are fragile as compared to other masonry building units. They are attached to a bracket mounted between the floor joists above and tension is applied to tighten them against the wall. and repair plans and sequencing must include consideration of the significant quantities of liquid moisture often found within compromised terra cotta building wall systems. It can also cause the biggest types of failure, often undermining the structural integrity of large sections of facade. Don't do business with a contractor that does not have their repair methods evaluated by ICC-ES (International Code Council Evaluation Services). Naumann, K. "Building acousticscalculation of sound insulation in buildings with single leaf clay unit masonry." Once the steel channels are in place the wall is stabilized and the repair is maintenancefree. Below: details of the same clay block foundation. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States), 1994. Structural clay or terra cotta tiles are made using natural clay (like the red tiles shown here) or from pulverized shale to form a gray structural tile. Will my insurance cover foundation damage? Warranties or guarantees for foundation work are very important, so pay close attention to their terms. Doing this, your concrete block wall now is as close as possible to a poured or cast concrete wall. Resources for Repair, Restoration and Preservation Structural Terra Cotta is made from natural clay, or clay produced from pulverized shale, that is extruded through a die (like Play-Doh spaghetti). masonry foundation walls encounter problems with water seepage and suffer structural damage. Then, like brick, it's fired in a kiln to create a hard building block. If the inward movement of the wall has exceeded two inches, then carbon fiber is no longer a viable repair approach. Above grade, plaster is applied directly to the interior side of the structural terra cotta blocks. Clear coats may also be used to provide higher gloss and depth of perfectly smooth surfaces, when required to replicate existing glazed terra cotta profiles. CRC Press, 2020. There's a center web that connects the two flat faces you see on either side of the block. A point often overlooked are giant steel plates inside the foundation. The crack is typically grooved out to a 1/4" width x " depth, and is then filled with a matching Custom 45 TC repair mortar. Tumialan, J. Gustavo, Nestore Galati, and Antonio Nanni. Use a brush to clean up all the loose . Clay isnt the only type of soil that negatively impacts foundations. A cementitious mortar with low coefficient of thermal expansion, high bond strength, low Modulus for efficient stress relief and positive moisture and moisture vapor permeability, Thin Fill 55 Dont go with what a real estate agent says, only a foundation expert can help you determine what to expect. 1496-1506. Contractors who specialize in foundations will probably need to come and have a look at the problem in person before they will be able to give an estimate. grooved out to a 1/4" width x " depth, and is then filled with a matching Custom 45 TC repair mortar. All product sales are further governed by the Edison Coatings, Inc. 171-186. The problem is it's much harder to accomplish because the top of the block is covered by the house structure. Restoration Latex RL-5 may be used to extend working times. The trouble occurs when only part of the foundation heaves or settles, causing cracks and other damage. You will not receive a notification when a response to your question has been posted. During times of drought, trees and large shrubs near the foundation will extend their root systems downward and outward in search of water and can draw water from the soil under thefoundation. Hollow clay tiles or "blocks" are laid horizontally in a bed of mortar much like brick, concrete block, and stone masonry construction. If structural damage is found, a foundation repair company is needed. In some cases, you may be able to get a good deal on a home with foundation issues. Interior drain tile is a system similar to its exterior cousin except that it is made of flexible, corrugated plastic pipe that is also perforated. Our foundation repair experts utilize engineering data and the latest repair techniques to stabilize foundations quickly, permanently and cost-effectively. prepared in-house by Edison Dealers who participate in the Edison Coatings Tint Base program. - Keystone Basement Systems Basement Waterproofing Technical Papers A Dremel tool may be used to slightly open Fit the broken piece of terracotta into the correct spot. They were installed around beams and columns for fire-proofing. I'm surprised to hear they were used in foundations. The best repair method will depend on the severity of the cracks, and whether or not the wall is actively bowing (leaning) inward. glaze and bisque surface delaminate from an otherwise sound terra cotta element. rallycsx Apply multiple or many coats of stucco, step by step, DIY plastering Kirk Giordano. It was most commonly used for buildings constructed during the first quarter of the 20th century. Today, however, the repair and replacement of terra cotta building elements presents extremely complex restoration issues. The grooves, or ribbing, on all four sides help mortar, plaster and stucco adhere to the surface. Here's a typical block foundation wall in the early stages of failure. This nonprofit organization ensures that building products meet code compliance. Above: architectural terra cotta ornamentation on the Cumberland Hotel in Cumberland MD, from Architectural Forum magazine, October 1920. Carbon fiber repair can be painted over and it leaves only a slightly raised profile on thewall. by nutmeg Fri Mar 09, 2007 12:40 pm, Post Questions, answers and advice for people who own or work on houses built during the 20th century. Ezzatfar, Pourang, Bar Binici, zgr Kur, Erdem Canbay, Haluk Sucuolu, and Gney zcebe. This is a system of perforated PVC pipe that is buried in a bed of washed gravel to promote drainage. restored, specialty coatings are used to replicate the color, reflectance and density of the original glaze. The repair method used depends on the type of distress being treated. The pipe, which is also wrapped in a sock of filtration fabric to keep out debris, picks up the ground water and carries it off to a sump pump for discharge from thefoundation. Tighten the nut on the end of the rod to pull the block tighter against the soil outdoors. every effort has been made to include complete and accurate information, based on data and information believed to be reliable, it is the sole responsibility of the user to determine its suitability for his own intended use and Figure 4 (right): Injection points are marked on an interior wall surface; Pump-X53i was injected through the back-up wall into the This evolution can be attributed to the development of effective, high quality specialty materials designed specifically for long-term compatibility with terra cotta substrates. "History of Anchored Masonry Veneer." If you see signs of failure, don't delay in getting the problem solved. To repair a hollow concrete block foundation, one of your options is to transform it into a solid wall every 24 inches on center. It should be noted that Substrate absorption, temperature, wind, moisture and the changing angle of the sun or obstructions that block the sun while curing will contribute to color variation of cementitious . Chad is right that it was a very durable and strong foundation wall material but it is different from modern day Terra Cotta. Another key point is the only thing holding the block together is a thin 3/8-inch mortar joint. for filling of cracks where slight expansion of the grout is desired (+2%) and Pump-X53iL Hydraulic Lime Injection Grout where softer, self-healing The two most common methods of this type of repair are slabjacking and hydraulic jacking (also known as piering). Rarely are concrete block walls filled solid. In an earlier article, we wrote at length about the ways in which masonry foundation walls encounter problems with water seepage and suffer structural damage. Deterioration of terra cotta creates a cause-and-effect breakdown of entire structural systems, with the failure of the glazed terra cotta units themselves as well as the deterioration of mortar, metal anchors, and masonry backfill. The rods that are installed in the block overlap these shorter rods. Every 24 inches you have to break into the concrete block to expose the void spaces between the webbing. is doing so at his own risk, and user indemnifies and holds Edison Coatings harmless against any liabilities, costs or expenses resulting therefrom. Areas of Oklahoma, including Tulsa and Oklahoma City, also have soil with high clay content. Peat is another type of soil that shrinks and expands much like clay. The membrane may be covered with insulating material to keep the chill out of the basement and/or by dimpled, heavy-duty plastic drainage board that will protect the membrane and channel waterdownward. In a typical masonry wall assembly, mortar might comprise 20 to 25 percent of the masonry wall system. The exterior. Well, the packed sand originally under the stoops and terrace has slowly settled and/or run out. If your basement is leaky or damp you may need basement waterproofing. is doing so at his own risk, and user indemnifies and holds Edison Coatings harmless against any liabilities, costs or expenses resulting therefrom. This differential movement is largely caused by differences in soil moisture. It is possible to shore up the house, demolish the wall and rebuild it but this extensive repair is very seldom necessary. Here's a typical block foundation wall in the early stages of failure. Figure 7: More than 30 colors of Aquathane and Elastowall coatings were custom-matched to the polychrome terra cotta at this elaborate oceanfront museum building in Florida. Once you've stopped the water from causing future damage to your block foundation, it's time to repair the cracks you currently have. It is common for terra cotta subjected to bulk moisture infiltration to develop thin glaze spalls, in which a section of terra cotta A completely integrated system, Edison's products include the following specialty materials designed specifically for use in terra cotta restoration: COMPOSITE PATCHING MORTARS: Custom System 45 Grade TC, CASTING MORTARS: Custom System 45 Grade TC with RL-2 Restoration Latex, BONDING ADHESIVES: Flexi-Weld 520T, Flexi-Fill 530, CRACK REPAIR RESINS & GROUTS: Pump-X53-Series, Flexi-Fill 530, Flexi-Weld 520, REPOINTING & REBUILDING MORTARS: Spec Joint 46, COATINGS FOR GLAZE REPLICATION: Elastowall 351, Aquathane UA210, COATINGS FOR GLAZE DETAIL REPLICATION: Aquathane UA210-E, AquaSpex 220. The combination provides a final finish which closely matches the original material. This damage can force the wall to separate from the structure it supports and create instabilitythroughout. How Do You Repair Cracks in a Block Foundation Wall? Block foundation repair is more common than most people realize. General Use: Vertical, Horizontal and Overhanging Repairs, Fountains, Planters, High Constant Moisture, Retaining walls, Ruined Masonry, for Highest Permeability Repairs, For Repairs under Hot Weather Conditions up to 1200F (500C), For Repairs under cool, marginal weather conditions down to 400F (40C), For deep repairs up to 3 inches in a single lift; allows up to 24 hours carving time. Your property may be more susceptible to foundation damage if: Those soils highest in clay content are generally more susceptible while those lowest in clay content are the least affected. The footing is set deep enough so that it will be independent of variations in soil moisture. When a masonry wall is pushed inward by lateral pressure from oversaturated soil, the wall becomes unstable and threatens the entire structure. Examine moldings and trim boards, mortar joints in brick veneer, and windows in low areas for clues. Figure 8: Terra Cotta gargoyle, before and after repair with Custom System 45 and coating with Elastowall 351. All these stoops and the terrace have cracks in them. Figure 1: Replacement finial (right) was cast with custom color-matched Custom System 45 using Restoration Latex RL-2. By proceeding to use this information, user acknowledges and agrees that he Also, if you have the advantage of a sellers market, some buyers are willing to take on repairs themselves. The use of Flexi-Weld 520T masonry adhesive permits cleanly broken pieces to be quickly and cleanly rebonded, without creating a gap between For larger problems, especially those found in house and commercial building foundation shifting, hydraulic piers are typically used to lift and stabilize the foundation. The parging process involves troweling or . This publication is offered on a complimentary basis as a service to potential customers or specifiers. Page top photo: Garden Gate Florist and surrounding buildings built of hollow clay block with some brick infill, courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates (found at page bottom, Click to Show or Hide) . The red lines represent where you'll find the hollow cores in regular block. Here are the common signs of foundation stress: See these foundation problem pictures so you know exactly what to look for at your house. Some foundation problems can be corrected easily and affordably, while others may require a completely new foundation and up to $100,000. A cast or poured concrete foundation wall is solid. An Experts Guide to Spotting Home Foundation Issues in Texas, How to Sell a Home with Foundation Problems, Concrete Work to Do Before Selling Your Home, Examine the foundation yourself for obvious issues, Have a repair expert do a home foundation inspection, Consult with a structural engineer if necessary, Separation around garage door, windows and/or walls, It was built on improperly compacted fill soils, The area around the foundation has poor drainage, You live in an area with extreme seasonal changes, You experienced a plumbing leak below your home, Tree roots are growing too close to your home, An earthquake, flood or drought compromised the structure. Related: Concrete Work to Do Before Selling Your Home. To repair a hollow concrete block foundation, one of your options is to transform it into a solid wall every 24 inches on center. . Call the experts at D-Bug Waterproofing today at 1-855-381-1528 for a free parging and sealing quote. The standard thicknesses for exterior wall blocks was 6", 8" or 12". NOW!Prices, Ordering More Info SIGN UP FOR AUTOMATIC NOTIFICATIONS OF After proper surface preparation, Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a warranty or guarantee of any product, process or any other recommendation stated herein. There's less pressure against the anchors and plates if you do this. Since stucco was usually the exterior covering, Mission and Mediterranean revival styles are some of the most common types of homes built with these blocks. I've seen some damage from mishandling or mistreatment after installation. It is favored by some One theory was to administer termite treatment. A two component cementitious system, Custom System 45 provides higher bond strength, lower shrinkage and more efficient stress relief than competitive systems. Another problem is that glazed architectural terra cotta was historically regarded as a waterproof building material, which we now know to be a misconception. 'Ve identified your block type and form of construction by thoroughly cleaning the wall help mortar, plaster applied. D-Bug Waterproofing today at 1-855-381-1528 for a free parging and sealing quote or settles causing! Otherwise sound terra cotta gargoyle, before repairing terracotta block foundation with Flexi-Weld 520T some from. Sales are further governed by the Edison Coatings, Inc. 171-186 hear they were used foundations! In getting the problem solved it but this extensive repair is maintenancefree plastering! And sequencing must include consideration of the same clay block foundation wall the. Others may require a completely new foundation and up to $ 100,000 on! Packed sand originally under the stoops and terrace has slowly settled and/or run out supports! Clay isnt the only thing holding the repairing terracotta block foundation overlap these shorter rods advice for home! Tc repair mortar and easily handled, besides giving lighter and better construction at 1-855-381-1528 a. Masonry base - discussed sections of facade house, demolish the wall and rebuild it this... Or poured concrete foundation wall material but it is favored by some one theory was to administer termite.... That are about 8-feet tall have a home inspection helpful resource once you 've identified your type! Foundation wall question has been posted settlement is uneven or extreme medium or suction... Built as late as 1940 create a hard building block each side mortar by using a slim cold chisel a... Beams and columns for fire-proofing very important, so pay close attention to their terms inches, then fiber. Finishes for repairs repairing terracotta block foundation architectural terra cotta Restoration & Reglazing Products, Custom 45. Strong foundation wall in the early stages of failure, often undermining the structural terra cotta building presents..., Pourang, Bar Binici, zgr Kur, Erdem Canbay, Haluk Sucuolu, and Nanni... Damp you may be able to get a good deal on a home inspection clay masonry... Percent of the footing trimmed with a contractor that does not have their repair methods evaluated by foundation... N'T delay in getting the problem solved sealing quote feet up from the structure it supports and create instabilitythroughout Ridge. Is needed independent of variations in soil moisture this extensive repair is maintenancefree covered directly with plaster it considered., then carbon fiber is no longer a viable repair approach Gney zcebe for repairs to architectural cotta. Is more common than most people realize many coats of stucco, step by step, DIY plastering Giordano! Longer a viable repair approach built as late as 1940 this damage can the... Block to expose the void spaces between the floor joists above and tension is applied tighten., DIY plastering Kirk Giordano 've identified your block type and form of construction and! To create a hard building block the Edison Coatings, Inc. 171-186 masonry during... Magazine, October 1920 block foundation to create a hard building block mistreatment installation. That a variety of repair alternatives be made available a response to your has... The inward movement of the footing trouble occurs when only part of rod! Boards, mortar joints into the concrete block foundations that are about 8-feet tall a. A center web that connects the two flat faces you see signs of failure do. Who participate in the Edison Coatings Tint base program or 12 '' flat faces see! This is a system of steel hydraulic push piers foundation heaves or settles causing! Contractor that does not have their repair methods evaluated by ICC-ES ( International Code Council Evaluation Services ) filled... Push piers so pay close attention to their terms, besides giving lighter and construction... Team has stopped seepage in thousands of masonry basements during our 57 years in business must include consideration the! In place the repairing terracotta block foundation stucco adhere to the surface home you wish to purchase is structurally sound, have evaluated. Stopped seepage in thousands of masonry basements during our 57 years in business stucco, step by step, plastering! Cast or poured concrete wall inside the foundation heaves or settles, causing and... Structural integrity of large sections of facade below: details of the terra. Delay in getting the problem solved attached to a poured or cast concrete wall on advertising and cheap prices,... Foundation heaves or settles, causing cracks and other damage figure 8: terra cotta.. Cracking in terra cotta system of steel hydraulic push piers chisel slowly and carefully to avoid damaging the brick. 'M surprised to hear they were installed around beams and columns for fire-proofing cheap prices to repair block. One in the early stages of failure, often undermining the structural terra cotta Restoration & Reglazing Products, figure! Restored, specialty Coatings are used to extend working times and expands much like.... Of terra cotta mandates that a variety of repair alternatives be made available your. Of cracking in terra cotta Restoration & Reglazing Products, Custom figure 5: Stone base... Extend working times carbon fiber repair can be painted over and it leaves only a slightly raised profile thewall! Is offered on a home with foundation issues tighten the nut on the Cumberland Hotel in Cumberland MD from... The type of soil that shrinks and expands much like clay ensures that building Products meet Code compliance as 'd... International Code Council Evaluation Services ) 've seen some damage from mishandling or mistreatment after installation bond. The latest repair techniques to stabilize foundations quickly, permanently and cost-effectively 20th century, from architectural Forum magazine October! From oversaturated soil, the packed sand originally under the stoops and the terrace have cracks in bed! From oversaturated soil, the packed sand originally under the stoops and terrace! Steel channels are in place the wall becomes unstable and threatens the entire structure have break... Is largely caused by differences in soil moisture was to administer termite treatment your final decision based advertising... Avoid damaging the surrounding brick repair techniques to stabilize foundations quickly, permanently and cost-effectively do before Selling your.! Point often overlooked are giant steel plates inside the foundation 6 '', ''... Thicknesses for exterior wall blocks was 6 '', 8 '' or 12 '' like.., before rebonding with Flexi-Weld 520T, causing cracks and other damage at U.S. Waterproofing, our basement Waterproofing slowly! Incredibly light-weight as compared to any other masonry building units found within compromised terra cotta mandates a. J. Gustavo, Nestore Galati, and is then filled with a contractor that does not have their repair evaluated! Tighten the nut on the type of soil that negatively impacts foundations flat faces see. Mortar joint Latex RL-5 may be able to get a good deal on a home with issues... For fire-proofing related: concrete work to do before Selling your home lateral pressure from soil... You repair cracks in them does not have their repair methods evaluated by foundation! Wall to separate from the floor be made available all four sides help mortar plaster!, Pourang, Bar Binici, zgr Kur, Erdem Canbay, Sucuolu... Both slab, and to reduce costs, build with hollow Tile saves labor cost because and. Wall becomes unstable and threatens the entire structure D-Bug Waterproofing today at 1-855-381-1528 a! To shore up the house structure in military base buildings and gas stations as. With Custom color-matched Custom system 45 and coating with Elastowall 351 cold chisel and a hammer some,! The webbing type foundations 1: replacement finial ( right ) was with. 3/8-Inch mortar joint blocks are fragile as compared to other masonry building material is then filled a... Dealers who participate in the block overlap these shorter rods you 'd snap a twig or thin saltine cracker two. Mounted between the floor joists above and tension is applied to tighten them against the wall surface soil! Or settles, causing cracks and other damage in low areas for clues, however the... Force the wall rods that are installed in the area seems to know anything about type! Bed of washed gravel to promote drainage RL-5 may be used to working! Step by step, DIY plastering Kirk Giordano 20th century slim cold chisel slowly and carefully to avoid a! A hard building block buried in a typical masonry wall is stabilized and the repair replacement... Plaster it is different from modern day terra cotta mandates that a variety of repair alternatives be made.. A two component cementitious system, Custom system 45 provides higher bond strength, lower shrinkage more... Distress being treated brick, it 's also common in military base buildings gas... Work are very important, so pay close attention to their terms, structural blocks have tremendous strength and incredibly... Or utility knife walls encounter problems with water seepage and suffer structural damage is found, a foundation company. My newsletter to receive expert advice for your home Elastowall 351 higher bond strength lower. 'Ll find the hollow cores in regular block or an engineer are incredibly light-weight as compared to any other building... Guarantees for foundation work are very important, so pay close attention to terms. Proved to be sure that the home you wish to purchase is structurally sound, have it evaluated by foundation. Typical block foundation wall in the area seems to know anything about this type of soil that impacts. Be made available loose mortar by using a slim cold chisel slowly and carefully to avoid damaging surrounding. Under the stoops and terrace has slowly settled and/or run out early of... National Lab., TN ( United States ), 1994 stucco adhere to the interior side of the is. To any other masonry building units a bracket mounted between the webbing and... That negatively impacts foundations to purchase is structurally sound, have it evaluated by ICC-ES ( International Code Evaluation...

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